| Chemosphere. 2005 Mar;59(1):31-9.
Ozonation of Procaine Penicillin G formulation effluent Part I:
Process optimization and kinetics.
Arslan-Alaton I, Caglayan AE.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Istanbul Technical University, 34469/80626 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
Ozonation characteristics of synthetic Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation
effluent were investigated in a semi-batch ozone reactor at different
pH (3, 7 and 12), ozone feed rates (600-2600mgh(-1)) and COD values (200-600mgl(-1)).
Ozonation of aqueous PPG effluent resulted in 37 (82)% COD removal after
60 (120) min ozonation when the reaction pH was kept constant at pH=7.900mgl(-1)
(corresponding to 50% of the total introduced) ozone was absorbed during
a reaction period of 1h. The effects of increasing the applied ozone dose
and the initial COD on the COD abatement rates of PPG effluent were also
studied. Results have indicated that increasing the ozone dose and decreasing
the COD content both have positive effects on COD removal rates. The significant
contribution of the free radical (()OH) reaction pathway to PPG ozonation
could be traced using tert-butyl alcohol as the ()OH probe compound at
varying concentrations. The bimolecular reaction rate constants for the
direct reaction of PPG with ozone were found as 152 and 2404M(-1)h(-1)
at pH=3 and 7, respectively, using the gas phase ozone partial pressures
determined from of the outlet gas stream analysis. It could be demonstrated
that ozone decomposition to free radicals being triggered by increasing
the pH from 3 to 7 is essential for the rate enhancement of PPG effluent
ozonation.
Life Sci. 2005 Feb 18;76(14):1641-66. Epub 2004 Dec 22.
Effects of procaine on a central neuron of the snail, Achatina
fulica Ferussac.
Lin CH, Tsai MC.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan
University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Effects of procaine on a central neuron (RP1) of the giant African snail
(Achatina fulica Ferussac) were studied pharmacologically. The RP1 neuron
showed spontaneous firing of action potential. Extra-cellular application
of procaine (10 mM) reversibly elicited bursts of potential. The bursts
of potential elicited by procaine were not blocked after administration
of (1) prazosin, propranolol, atropine, d-tubocurarine, (2) calcium-free
solution, (3) ryanodine (4) pretreatment with KT-5720 or chelerythrine.
The bursts of potential elicited by procaine were blocked by adding U73122
(10 microM) and the bursts of potential were decreased if physiological
sodium ion was replaced with lithium ion or incubated with either neomycin
(3.5 mM) or high magnesium solution (30 mM). Preatment with U73122 (10
microM) blocked the initiation of bursts of potential. Ruthenium red (100
microM) or caffeine (10 mM) facilitated the procaine-elicited bursts of
potential. It is concluded that procaine reversibly elicits bursts of
potential in the central snail neuron. This effect was not directly related
to (1) the extra-cellular calcium ion fluxes, (2) the ryanodine sensitive
calcium channels in the neuron, or (3) the PKC or PKA related messenger
systems. The procaine-elicited bursts of potential were associated with
the phospholipase activity and the calcium mobilization in the neuron.
Ann Med. 1990 Jun;22(3):151-6.
Procaine (Gerovital): no effect on the rehabilitation result in
patients with back or hip disease.
Rissanen V, Rissanen P, Tuomisto J.
Siilinjarvi Rehabilitation Centre, Finland.
Gerovital was compared with placebo and another procaine preparation in
a double blind study of 88 rehabilitation patients suffering from back
or hip disease. In an open part of the study procaine from intramuscularly
injected Gerovital disappeared from the plasma within 15-30 minutes. In
patients treated with Gerovital or another procaine no clinical, physiological
or psychological benefits were found in addition to the improvements following
rehabilitation compared with placebo treatment. Clinical examination showed
that the benefits of rehabilitation were similar in patients receiving
Gerovital, another procaine and placebo.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1984 May;45(5):196-209.
Chemotherapy of cognitive disorders in geriatric subjects.
Goodnick P, Gershon S.
Many of the neurochemical changes associated with aging brain, particularly
lower choline acetyltransferase and higher monoamine oxidase, occur with
greater severity in senile dementia, Alzheimer's type (SDAT). These alterations
correlate with neuropathologic indices, e.g., the number of senile plaques
and tangles. Although many different treatment techniques have been used,
most have been unsuccessful. No strong data have supported the use of
stimulants, Gerovital H3, or hyperbaric oxygen. Among the vasodilators,
cyclandelate and hydergine may be of value in some but not most patients.
Much recent work has focused on techniques to increase acetylcholine brain
concentrations. To date, precursors, such as choline, seem to have very
limited value. Postsynaptic treatments, e.g., physostigmine, hold more
hope for future benefit, if longer acting oral preparations are developed.
Other compounds, such as ACTH, vasopressin, and piracetam, may have some
value but need better definition and treatment indications. Recent discoveries
on the influences of lecithin on membrane fluidity and receptor binding,
may affect the focus of future pharmacologic investigation.
Am J Psychiatry. 1981 May;138(5):593-600.
An overview of pharmacologic treatment of cognitive decline in
the aged.
Reisberg B, Ferris SH, Gershon S.
The most widely known substances that have been investigated for treating
cognitive deterioration in the aged are cerebral vasodilators, Gerovital
H3, psychostimulants, "nootropics," neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters.
The rationale for the choice of specific agents has shifted as our conceptions
regarding the origins of cognitive decline have changed; we now know that
most cognitive deterioration occurs independently of arteriosclerotic
vascular changes. Substances currently being investigated because of their
effects on brain electrophysiology, on neurohumoral processes, or on central
neurotransmitters show promise.
J Gerontol. 1978 Jul;33(4):514-20.
Gerovital-H3: a clinical trial as an antidepressant.
Olsen EJ, Bank L, Jarvik LF.
Twenty-five volunteers, all in their fifth decade or beyond, all with
mild to moderate, nonpsychotic depression of at least several months'
duration participated in a double-blind study of Gerovital vs placebo.
There was no significant difference between the Gerovital and placebo
groups; both groups showed significant improvement on self-rating as well
as observer rating scales.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 1977 Jan;25(1):1-19.
The systemic use of procaine in the treatment of the elderly:
a review.
Ostfeld A, Smith CM, Stotsky BA.
This article is a review and evaluation of the world literature on the
systemic use of procaine in the treatment of the aging process and the
common chronic diseases of later life. Included are data from 285 articles
and books, describing treatment in more than 100,000 patients in the past
25 years. Except for a possible antidepressant effect, there is no convincing
evidence that procaine (or Gerovital, of which procaine is the major component)
has any value in the treatment of disease in older patients. If procaine
has an antidepressant effect, there is some likelihood that this accounts
for the reports of decreased complaints referable to the musculoskeletal,
cardiovascular, endocrine sexual, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems.
Physiologie. 1979 Jan-Mar;16(1):71-5.
Age differences in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
of homogenates from the liver of rats. The effect of gerovital H3 on the
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
Cruceanu A, Bucsa L.
Studies on liver homogenates obtained from Wistar rats revealed that the
ageing process produces the loss of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
activity and higher values in the thermolabile fraction of this enzyme.
The biotrophic treatment with Gerovital H3 has a strong influence upon
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with tendency to diminish the thermolabile
fractions.
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